The Metaphysical Conceit in Donnes Poems - 1198 Words

The Metaphysical Conceit Donne’s Poems â€Å"The Flea† and â€Å"A Valediction† are poems by John Donne that were written in the 17th Century. These poems incorporate the fundamental of something called a metaphysical conceit. Interesting though, both poems use the metaphysical conceit to tell a story about two very opposite situation between two â€Å"partners†. â€Å"The Flea’s† metaphysical conceit is stretched along a lustful, passionate, relationship between two individuals. â€Å"A Valediction’s† metaphysical conceit follows Donne asking his wife to be calm about his leaving rather than grieving about it. The poet cleverly hides the true meaning of the poem encouraging his readers to conduct closer readings and find the implicit details for themselves. We see in both these poems how the metaphysical conceit is played out to tell two different stories and represent two very different situations between two partners, whethe r they be husband and wife, or man and mistress. In order to really break down the meaning of this poem, we must first understand the idea of a â€Å"metaphysical conceit†. This term is an intricate and intellectual device used very often by 17th Century poets like John Donne. According to www.britannica.com it â€Å"sets up an analogy between one entity’s spiritual qualities and an object in the physical world and sometimes controls the whole structure of the poem.† In the context of â€Å"The Flea†, this spiritual entity is love, lust, and sex, and the â€Å"object† in the physical worldShow MoreRelatedMetaphysical Poetry By John Donne1590 Words   |  7 PagesFeras Mohammed Awaga Grade 11 B Metaphysical Poetry According to English language, when metaphysical is divided into two words ‘meta’ is defined as after and physical remains as it is. Thus metaphysical means after the physical. The definition above was according to English language, however according to poetry is†¦. Many poets got involved in metaphysical poetry like: Samuel Johnson who wrote his book which is known as ‘’Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets’’, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvel, RichardRead MorePoetry: Donne’s Metaphysical Work 1180 Words   |  5 Pagesif the poet is able to carry sensation into these poems, forming them into passionate experiences through vivid and moving imagery. For uncertain or inexperienced readers not prepared for understatement and subtleties, Donne’s poetry acts as a vivid recruiting device. Such readers need to be grabbed by the shoulders and shaken by the strenuousness of Donne’s metaphysical conceits in order to truly delig ht in the style and theme of a poem. Donne’s far-fetched analogies that challenge ordinary logicRead MoreThe word Wit has multiple definitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive poetic style. Definitions for wit include: â€Å"the keen perception and cleverly apt expression of those connections between ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure† (Dictionary.com 2014) and â€Å"understanding, intelligence, or sagacity, astuteness† (Dictionary.com 2014). In this paper I will unpack the main features of metaphysical poetry and explore the relevance of wit and conceit in relation to John Donne’s works. Furthermore, I willRead More John Donnes Use of Wit Language and Metaphor in Poetry Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagesto be one of the greatest metaphysical poets of our time, even though he published only a small number of poems in his lifetime. The poems he did write were metaphorical and often humorus poems telling the tale of religious love and sex. Being a metaphysical poet he exhibited many characteristics of the metaphysical poets. He wrote with metaphysical wit, metaphysical conceit, metaphors, symbols and paradoxes. If these were some of the things that defined a metaphysical poet, then John Donne is aRead MoreJohn Donne1376 Words   |  6 Pagessense founded the metaphysical lyric, which was practiced by scare of writers. As Dowden says, â€Å"We are told that in the decline of the greater poetry of the Elizabethan period , a metaphysical school arose and that John Donne was the founder or the first eminent member of this school.† John Donne set up a new tradition in versification by and large Donne must be regarded as an original poet, â€Å"a poet who gave much more than what he borrowed from his age.† The word â€Å"metaphysical† has been definedRead MoreElements Of Metaphysical Poetry1092 Words   |  5 Pagespoetry known as metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is a type of poetry that is devotional and mystical in content; it incorporates intellect, logic, and argument to demonstrate concepts such as love and death. Metaphysical poems have the elements of metaphors, metaphysical conceits, paradoxes, and analogies. Metaphors and metaphysical conceits, a type of extended metaphor, are used to show a connection between two things that are not similar and to prove the speaker’s point in his poem. ParadoxesRead MoreMetaphysical Conceit in John Donnes The Sun Rising Essay685 Words   |  3 PagesMetaphysical Conceit in John Donnes The Sun Rising Have you ever been in love? Have you ever felt a love so strong that nothing else seemed to matter? I hope that you have, but if you havent, John Donnes poem, The Sun Rising, gives a revealing glimpse into the emotional roller coaster that is true love. In the poem, Donne uses what is called a metaphysical conceit to emphasize the strength of the devotion between him and his lover. A metaphysical conceit is a metaphor extendedRead MoreCompare the ways in which Donne presents the experience of love in ‘The Sun Rising’ and ‘The Good Morrow’1588 Words   |  7 Pageslove, in a typical Metaphysical style, to engage his reader through sharing his own experiences. These poems show distinctive characteristics of Metaphysical poems which involve colloquial diction, drawing inventive imagery from unconventional sources, passionately analysing relationships and examining feelings. Donne presents the experience of love through conceits, Metaphysical wit, language techniques and imagery, in a confident tone using logical argument. The impact of Donne’s use of direct andRead MoreEssay about Metaphysical Poetry - the flea + sune rising1703 Words   |  7 Pages Metaphysical poets use startling juxtapositions in their poetry to create a greater significance in their arguments and intended meanings throughout the poem. John Donne is said to be the unsurpassed metaphysical poet, metaphysical poetry being poetry relating to a group of 17-century English poets whose verse is typified by an intellectually arduous style, admitting extended metaphors and comparing very disparate things. In 17th century England new discoveries were being made and social customsRead MoreJohn Donne: An Influential English Poet957 Words   |  4 Pagesmerchant, and Elizabeth Heywood Donne, the daughter of the poet and playwright John Heywood. His father died when Donne was about four years old. His younger brother, Henry, also died in John Donne’s early life. John Donne was raised in a Catholic family. Both of his parents were devout Roman Catholics. During Donne’s early adult life he converted to Anglicanism. The education of John Donne is somewhat confusing because the records are incomplete. There is record of his attending Cambridge and Oxford

Pocahontas, By Paula Gunn Allen And John Smith s The...

Have you ever wondered why interpretations and perceptions of things change over time? It is because everyone has their own opinion and outlook on things, especially when it comes to the interpretation and perception of people and stories. While some of the opinions may be similar to one another, many of them are different. Upon reading Paula Gunn Allen’s â€Å"Pocahontas, To Her English Husband John Rolfe† and John Smith’s â€Å"The Generall Historie of Virginia†, The reader already had a perception of Pocahontas as it relates to how she looks, where she came from and her personality. After reading both of the works by Paula Gunn Allen and John Smith, although the physical similarities of Pocahontas are evident, within the texts there are differences as it relates to the representation of Pocahontas. Allen revises Smiths representation of Pocahontas through personality, romance and point of view. In Paula Gunn Allen’s â€Å"Pocahontas to her English Husband John Rolfe†, the representation of Pocahontas that is being portrayed is that of a strong Native American woman. She is tired of her husband being unappreciative of the things that she does for him out of love. It makes the reader question if she really loved Rolfe from the way that she speaks to him like he her child and not her husband. This can be seen in the first few lines of the poem when she states â€Å"Had I not cradled you in my arms, / oh beloved perfidious one, / you would have died† (Allen 1-3). When analyzed and interpreted,

Project Quality Management

Question: Discuss about theProject Quality Management. Answer: Introduction Quality management is an essential and significant aspect of the project management process. In any kind of project management process quality needs to be taken care of in an efficient way. Quality is the ultimate aim of any kind of project management process. By maintaining quality in the business process management of an organization could be able to execute the functionalities in a well organized manner. Various researchers have shown their interest over the quality assessment in the project management process. This paper is mainly focusing on the quality assessment process and techniques of the project management process. Understanding of the Quality Assessment Process Quality is the integrated part of the project management process. Quality can be termed as the important and essential element which needs to be maintained by the respective management of the organizations. I have chosen this particular topic of quality assessment as I believe without the quality assurance project couldnt get a value based outcome. I have gained knowledge from various books and articles and after that I can say that quality is valuable aspect of the projects. Quality can be termed as the fulfilment of the customer needs. Customer need fulfilment is the essential aspect of any kind of project management process. If any project manager doesnt focus on the quality of the project outcome then net outcome of the project will be granted as zero. Quality management is consisted of three important aspects which I have evolved at the time of investigation. These three aspects are, Customer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction needs to be the prime goal of the project. Customers only can be satisfied if they get quality outcomes in the business process. Different business organizations run projects and they judge the outcome of the project by quality value. Quality plays the ultimate role in the case of business process. Cost of quality is also an essential part which I have observed. Personally I believe that quality should be maintained on the basis of value. Management of any organization need to deliver quality based service on the basis of their investment in the project. Lastly quality needs to be improved for getting better opportunities or benefits. By the help of this process a project can be implemented in the broader platform of the business process. Through the above mentioned lessons I have observed the value of quality in the case of project management process and these are the rations of the choosing this topic. This is the model which I have studied for getting suitable ideas. The above model showcases the MAGeCK-VISPR model; this type of issue is raise to reduce the CRISPR challenges. Through this process total quality control can be done. MAGeCK algorithm enhances the efficiency of the sgRNA. A web based visualization process reduces the problems attached with screens. By the above mentioned picture a smooth flow in the process can be observed. Project Management Framework Appropriate project quality management framework needs to be followed at the time of project execution. By the help of this framework overall quality assurance techniques could be observed. The paper has been based on the Australian beach festival. Sports events are arranged in this type of beach festivals. On that occasion quality needs to be tested in an appropriate manner (Kunst, Paul and Jos Lemmink. 1995). The picture showcases the process of quality assurance in the case of project management. It is very tough to maintain the quality in the case of beach festivals. According to this principle quality of the project needs to be checked at each of the phase of the project. Beach festivals and sports events are very long projects and on that occasion management must have to schedule the activities for the planning process. After the planning process each activity and its quality needs to be tested. According to this picture three things need to be maintained at the time of quality assurance program. These phases are planning of the quality, implementation of quality assurance techniques and control of the quality. Through this overall process quality assurance can be done in the case of project management process and this is the vital aspects of any kind of projects. By the help of this quality assurance framework a quality assurance process can be executed in the field of business process. Overview of the Topic Area: Here the research paper is primarily concerned with the quality if the project. It is the sole responsibility of the project manager to maintain the quality of the project. For the better analysis of the paper, researcher has taken help of a project (A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)2004). The purpose of this paper is to depict a project event. Here the project manager is going to conduct a sports event at the beach festival of Australia. In every year, beach festival occurs in Australia along with several sports items. Project manager is trying to boost up the beach festivals and try to increase the numbers of tourists. Scope of the Project: From the survey, it can be determine that the major economy of Australia is depending on the tourism industry. Tourists from different countries are coming to enjoy the exotic views of Australia. Australia is rich with sight scenes and tourist from different parts is coming to enjoy the natural beauty. There are several items that are played at beach festival. Now the project manager tries to re-energize the sports event in new way (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2011). The conventional beach festival is mainly concentrated with the beer and cider festivals but now the project manager tries to think that in different ways. Tennis, Soccer, Rugby, Basket Ball and Volley Balls are going to be the major sports event in Australia. Along with the sports events, the project manager is going to concentrate on the Ramp Walk also. These sports events are enough to drag the attention of the tourists from different section of the world (Leach 2005). The participation of the tourists are playing major role; as with the help of the ticket price, the governing body of Australia can able to maintain the cultural heritage of the nation. The sport events in beach festival have provided a chance to the tourist to see the heritage of the country (Yescombe 2002). It gives the tourist a chance to praise the cultural and natural beauty of Australia. Due to these sports events, the number of visitors can be increased and it automatically increase the GDP growth of the country. As most of the economy of Australia has dependent on the income of the tourist industry, in that case introducing a sports events in beach festival is going to increase the participation of tourists and ultimately this is beneficial for the growth of the country. On the other hand, with the help of the sports events the scope of the Small business can be increased. Many new business or entrepreneur can able to get chance to promote their products (Young 2015). They can open stalls and showcase their products. This process may help to increase the productivity. Therefore, it can be determined that with the help of a sports events, sever new business can be developed. With the successful execution of the project, the project manager can able to increase the profit percentage of the particular organization as well as the nation. Quality Control in Project Management Quality control is a process in which the individual or the management can aware about their product and service quality. By the help of quality management tools in the business process the management or the individuals can understand that their product and services will meet the requirement of the customer or the clients. To conduct a event like beach festival in Australia the organisation or the event management company needs to aware about their range of product and service quality in their business process. According to the Dale (1994) to attract more clients in the event effective quality of services with cost effective ways attracts more clients in their business. It has been observed that the quality control team of an organisation is similar with the job role of quality assurance team but these are not identical. In the beach party event it has been observed that the organiser often conduct some beach sport events for the visitors and the clients for their enjoyment and entertainment. To conduct these sports or events in the open beach area the event management organisation needs to aware about the health and safety issues of the individuals in their business. To maintain the health and safety of the individuals in the event the management needs to aware about their food product and quality of the food. By offering the different sports and games towards the visitors in the event the management needs to obtain some volunteer in their business process for the safety and quality issues within the event in beach. In accordance with the Kunst and Lemmink, (1995) to make some event in the beach the project manager need to maintain high security and safety concern for the water sports in the beach. As a project manager the individual need to understand the visitors and travellers requirements in the event party. By making an effective and quality service in the event festival it can enhance the reputation of the event management team and it can be beneficial for the GDP growth of the organisation. By maintain the quality service and the product in the event the project manager can provide effective service for the customers. To analyse the safety issues within the event program the project manager needs to aware about the safety issues in the sport event in the beach festival. By the help of effective growth in GDP for Australia the project manager can enhance the reputation of the event management organisation in the nation. To maintain the effective growth and quality of the product and the se rvices the product manager needs to adopt effective skills in their business process for getting the effective outcomes in the beach festival (Quality managment, 1997). Suitable communication process also helps the project manager to conduct an eventful festival with quality of services. To make some sports on the festivals the manager needs to look forward for the safety issues on the rides and the playing things to make safe and healthy event in the country. References A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 2004. Newtown Square, Pa.: Project Management Institute. Dinsmore, Paul C and Jeannette Cabanis-Brewin. 2011.The AMA Handbook Of Project Management. New York: American Management Association. Leach, Lawrence P. 2005.Critical Chain Project Management. Boston: Artech House. Yescombe, E. R. 2002.Principles Of Project Finance. Amsterdam: Academic Press. Young, Trevor L.2015 The Handbook Of Project Management. Dale, Barrie G. 1994. Managing Quality. New York: Prentice Hall. Kunst, Paul and Jos Lemmink. 1995. Managing Service Quality. London: Paul Chapman Pub. Ltd. Quality Managment. 1997. Lausanne,.

Smith Consulting Firm Wellness Plan free essay sample

Introduction Smith Consulting Firm plans to implement a wellness program as a result of enthusiastic employee feedback. This privately owned, medium sized company has 121 employees.  Following a workplace review, several of the employees were asked to run 10,000 steps.  It proved to be a challenge that sparked a wide workplace response. Many of these employees were found to have difficulties in breathing after only 1,000 steps made, and some of these people were at the brink of passing out before completion of the challenge. Following this, all of the company’s employees were keen to improve their activity levels and engage in healthy activities that would enable them to lose weight. With support from the senior management, the company develops a workplace wellness program that will enable the employees to achieve their wellness goals. To begin this process, the company established a wellness committee that would be able to assess the employees’ lifestyle risks (Mujtaba and Cavi co, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Smith Consulting Firm Wellness Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The purpose of this was to prioritize improvement of healthy lifestyle behaviors. Additionally, Smith Consulting Firm conducted separate need assessments on the workplace environment. Results After conducting the workplace challenge and the lifestyle risk assessments, the wellness committee identified that quitting smoking was a key issue for many workers. Another area of priority was improving fitness and health for employees, especially those engaged in manual jobs. Additionally, employees reported high levels of stress during particular times of the year that were affecting individual health and ultimately work performance. After assessing these results, Smith Consulting Firm is addressing its corporate wellness program on addressing physical activity, tobacco smoking, healthy eating, and emotional and social wellness. The wellness committee developed a 5 year action plan that will run from 1st  May 2018 to 1st  May, 2023. Purpose of the Program This voluntary program of both formal and informal activities is purposed to improve the well being and health of all employees at Smith Consulting Firm, and to reduce any health issues that may affect the health of employees and their productivity (Mujtaba and Cavico, 2013). Program Objectives A.  Primary Goal The wellness program will always strive to increase employees’ well being and productivity by enhancing and improving all aspects of health. This program will seek to create awareness of positive health behaviors and choices to constantly motivate employees to adopt healthy behaviors voluntarily, and to provide a supportive environment and opportunities to foster positive lifestyle behaviors (Gubler, Larkin, and Pierce, 2017). B.  Employee Wellness Program Objectives for Smith Consulting Firm By the end of the first year, at least 70% of employees will report that they are aware that a wellness program is available at the company. By the end of the first year, at least 70% of employees will report that having an available wellness program contributes to a more positive work climate. By the end of 6 months, 100% of employees will report that they have participated in at least one wellness activity. By the end of the first 6 months at least 80% of employees who have participated in Awareness activities will report that the activities increase their knowledge about healthy lifestyle behaviors. By the end of the first year, at least 70% of employees who have participated in Awareness activities will report that the activities increase their motivation to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors. By the end of the first year, at least 60% of employees who regularly participated in Lifestyle Change activities will report that they maintained the activity for at least 3 months. By the end of year two, at least 60% of 121 employees will report that they meet current physical activity recommendations (at least 30 minutes per day of moderate vigorous physical activity on 5 days of the week). By the end of the first 6 months, at least 80% of the employees will report that they eat fruits and vegetables 5 or more times per day. By the end of 2 years, the proportion of employees who smoke will be reduced by at least 80%. By the end of the first year, at least 95% of the employees will report that they know their systolic and diastolic blood pressure. By the end of the first year, at least 60% of the employees will report that they know their total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. By the end of the first year, at least 60% of employees will report that the stress management programs and education provided through the wellness program successfully helped them reduce their level of stress. By the end of the first year, at least 80% of mothers of young children will report that their worksite environment and policies supported their efforts to begin and/or continue breastfeeding. Eligibility Requirements A.  All employees are eligible for voluntary participation in the wellness activities. B.  Family members are eligible to participate per guidelines set by the organization in the work and family policies and regulations. Use of Facilities Wellness program exercises and activities will be carried out in the appropriate designated areas. They include conference rooms, the planetarium, and any other available onsite outdoor or indoor areas and also off-site locations. Providers of Instruction Services or instruction providers for the wellness program will include: nutritionists, health educators, mental health professionals, qualified yoga instructors, certified fitness instructors, registered massage therapists, and any other provider as deemed appropriate by the wellness committee (Gubler, Larkin, and Pierce, 2017). Only those people who accepted and recognized certification or training will be selected to conduct the wellness activities. The wellness committee will review the qualifications of the providers in order to ensure that only the highest standards are used. All instruction providers for vigorous exercises will be required to meet all the appropriate criteria including holding a current CPR certification, certification from a fitness agency, and personal liability insurance. In case an employee qualifies and meets all the requirements for becoming a wellness service provider, the employee will deliver those services at no cost, especially if delivered during work hours, or they may charge a fee if the services are administered during non-working periods such as during breaks, lunches, or after-work hours. No employee will receive any compensation for services provided during the time that they are being paid by the company. Program Content A.  The Wellness Program will focus on the priority objectives of: Increasing the use of preventive screenings and services Improving healthy eating among employees Increasing physical activity among employees Improving tobacco prevention and cessation policies and benefits Improving stress management techniques Increasing the use of Employee Assistance Program benefits Improving support for mothers who choose to breastfeed The Wellness Program will consist of activities which include awareness, lifestyle change, and supportive policy / environment. Depending on availability of funds and personnel support, the activities in each area may include, but are not limited to: Awareness: Wellness notices and e-mails Periodic coverage of activities in employee newsletters One-time events, such as The Great American Smokeout and National Employee Health and Fitness Day Occasional education events or series Lifestyle Change: Participation in the Texas Round-Up state agency challenge Aerobic classes Use of Fitness Rooms Yoga classes Chair Massages Referral to services by Employee Assistance Programs Supportive Policy and Environment: Eight hours of additional leave each year for completing a health risk assessment and receiving a physical examination Thirty minutes during normal work hours to exercise three times per week Continued encouragement for cafeteria / vending machines to offer healthy food options Smoke-free environment policy Physical facilities that encourage physical activity Policies and physical facilities that encourage beginning and / or continuing of breastfeeding among mothers of young children B.  All employees who participate in vigorous exercises must complete the participation in Physical Fitness Program, and the Physical Fitness Readiness Questionnaire before beginning classes. These forms are distributed by and returned to the wellness coordinator or their representative to be kept on file. Program Scheduling A.  Wellness activities may be scheduled during the following times: Before work During work, provided scheduling and workload needs of the agency are met After work B.  Managers are encouraged to allow flexible schedules in order to provide adequate time for employees to participate in wellness activities. Program Coordination A.  A wellness coordinator has been designated. B.  A wellness committee has been established to plan, direct, and implement wellness activities. C.  Employees are allowed to participate in Wellness Committee activities for two or more hours each month as necessary to implement the wellness program. Expected Results A.  Employees will report that the availability of wellness activities contributes to a positive work environment and healthier behavior. B.  Objectives outlined in the Program Objectives section will be met in accordance with the evaluation timeline. C.  Subsequent health risk assessment will show decreased risk factors among employees. D.  Methods for monitoring and evaluating the programs will include at least the following: Periodic agency-wide employee surveys to assess awareness of, participation in, and satisfaction with the program Reports of participation in the various lifestyle and awareness activities offered throughout the year Monthly reports on types and numbers of programs offered Employee focus groups, surveys, and suggestion boxes for obtaining quantitative and qualitative employee input into program activities Session evaluation forms completed by participants for educational events Health risk appraisal completed periodically to assess adoption of healthy behaviors E.  The evaluation plan and timeline will: Establish baseline data. Give employees periodic surveys. Use employee health risk assessments to be completed each year and aggregate data analyzed by the wellness committee. Evaluate each program, initiative or new policy immediately prior to implementation (baseline measures), immediately following completion, and 90 days following completion. Ongoing or long-term lifestyle change activities (6-weeks or longer) will also include periodic evaluation as appropriate throughout the program. I.  Budget Category Item Subtotal in USD Total Cost in USD Wages/Benefits Part-time Wellness Director 20,000 20,000 Materials and Supplies Lighting and paint for stairwell project 300 Printing for posters, fliers, etc. 500 Supplies for Healthy Pot-Luck Lunch Series 150 950 Memberships/Affiliations Wellness Council 500 Subscriptions and Publications National Network of Wellness Councils Electronic newsletter service 50 175 550 Various health publications 150 325 Health Education Materials Blood pressure log-books 500 Health Assessment Screenings Blood pressure literature and DVD 300 800 Health Education Programs Blood pressure educational workshops 250 Tobacco cessation educational program 250 500 Equipment Blood pressure monitoring equipment 800 Bike rack 450 Pedometers 220 Bike parking structure 150 Incentives Bicycles / helmets for sign-out program Gift cards and prizes for contests, raffles, etc. 500 1,000 5,450 Miscellaneous Gym reimbursement Contract with landscaper to create walking paths on property Wellness Team meetings 6,000 8,000 720 7,000 8,720 Total 44, 295 I. As discussed earlier in this program, it is obvious that the objective of the plan is to get every employee satisfied by at least the end of the first year. At the end of this time period, every employee must be aware of the wellness program and must have some positive outcome from engaging in the activity (Burke and Richardsen, 2014). If well implemented, a corporate wellness plan enables employees to be motivated, enjoy good health, and improve their work performance. Wellness programs show employees that their health and wellness is important and that the organization and employers know and care about the importance of this aspect. According to statistics, employees who exercise on a regular basis and engage in healthy lifestyle habits incur 31% lower health care expenses than employees who live unhealthy and sedentary lifestyles. More than 50% of medical expenses are incurred due to complications that can otherwise be avoided with minimal lifestyle changes (Smith, Damron and Melton, 2017). Just like Smith Consulting Firm, other corporations have started to recognize their employees’ health, and they are taking time to encourage employees to engage in activities that lead to healthier lifestyles. This type of wellness program is worth the cost, time, and effort invested in it. According to research, employees who are healthy and happy are more motivated and more productive. These employees do not work while being  ill and also stay employed with the organization for longer time periods  (Gebhardt and Crump, 2010). References Burke, R. J., Richardsen, A. M. (Eds.). (2014). Corporate wellness programs: Linking employee and organizational health. Edward Elgar Publishing. Gebhardt, D. L., Crump, C. E. (2010). Employee fitness and wellness programs in the workplace. American Psychologist, 45(2), 262. Gubler, T., Larkin, I., Pierce, L. (2017). Doing well by making well: the impact of corporate wellness programs on employee productivity. Management Science. Mujtaba, B. G., Cavico, F. J. (2013). Corporate wellness programs: implementation challenges in the modern American workplace. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1(3), 193. Smith, A. D., Damron, T., Melton, A. (2017). Aspects of corporate wellness programs: comparisons of customer satisfaction. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 24(6), 1523-1551.

Free Essays on Nighteen Eighty Four

and ideas and condemned it severely in his widely acclaimed satirical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The world portrayed in 1984 is a horrifying place where people are deprived of every rights claimed by The Declaration Of Independence. By using the word victory repeatedly in the novel, Orwell successfully brings out  ¡Ã‚ §the opposite effect from what is intended or presented ¡Ã‚ ¨ (A Handbook of Literature), to satire the totalitarian regime. The following parts will emphasise on several of the victories to find out how the effect is achieved. By first comparing living conditions in Oceania, the totalitarian state in the novel, the hidden truth behind the word victory is that ordinary people, who live in poverty are the real loser, while the mere winner is the ruling class, who wins absolute control over its people and so the resources. Winston Smith, the protagonist of 1984, lives in Victory Mansions, forty-five year old flats with everything falling to pieces. The smell of the place is foul, and the plaster, the pipes, the roof, and the heating system are all out of order constantly. A typical kind of  ¡Ã‚ §home ¡Ã‚ ¨ of the Outer Party members, is as though  ¡Ã‚ §Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€¹hasÆ’Ã  just been visited by some large violent animal ¡Ã‚ ¨ (23). Posters and banners ... Free Essays on Nighteen Eighty Four Free Essays on Nighteen Eighty Four For more than two hundred years, The Declaration Of Independence continues to speak for people worldwide who are in favor of democracy.  ¡Ã‚ §Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ¡Ã‚ ¨ are undeniable rights of people in a free society. Meanwhile, totalitarian regimes, such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Stalin Soviet Union in the first half of twentieth-century, try to control every aspect of lives of their citizens by establishing absolute power (The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History 1789-1945). Then entered George Orwell. As an authentic writer full of hatred of authority, he was so concerned with the damage had been done by totalitarian doctrine that he armed himself with words and ideas and condemned it severely in his widely acclaimed satirical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The world portrayed in 1984 is a horrifying place where people are deprived of every rights claimed by The Declaration Of Independence. By using the word victory repeatedly in the novel, Orwell successfully brings out  ¡Ã‚ §the opposite effect from what is intended or presented ¡Ã‚ ¨ (A Handbook of Literature), to satire the totalitarian regime. The following parts will emphasise on several of the victories to find out how the effect is achieved. By first comparing living conditions in Oceania, the totalitarian state in the novel, the hidden truth behind the word victory is that ordinary people, who live in poverty are the real loser, while the mere winner is the ruling class, who wins absolute control over its people and so the resources. Winston Smith, the protagonist of 1984, lives in Victory Mansions, forty-five year old flats with everything falling to pieces. The smell of the place is foul, and the plaster, the pipes, the roof, and the heating system are all out of order constantly. A typical kind of  ¡Ã‚ §home ¡Ã‚ ¨ of the Outer Party members, is as though  ¡Ã‚ §Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€¹hasÆ’Ã  just been visited by some large violent animal ¡Ã‚ ¨ (23). Posters and banners ...

The Lowell Mill Girls in the 19th Century

The Lowell Mill Girls in the 19th Century The Lowell Mill Girls were female workers in early 19th century America, young women employed in an innovative system of labor in textile mills centered in Lowell, Massachusetts. The employment of women in a factory was  novel to the point of being revolutionary. And the system of labor in the Lowell mills became widely admired because the young women were housed in an environment which was not only safe but reputed to be culturally advantageous. The young women were encouraged to engage in educational pursuits while not working, and they even contributed articles to a magazine, the Lowell Offering.   The Lowell System of Labor Employed Young Women Francis Cabot Lowell founded the Boston Manufacturing Company, prompted by the increased demand for cloth during the War of 1812. Utilizing the latest technology, he built a factory in Massachusetts which used water power to run machines that processed raw cotton into finished fabric. The factory needed workers, and Lowell wanted to avoid using child labor, which was commonly used in fabric mills in England. The workers did not need to be physically strong, as the work was not strenuous. However, the workers had to be fairly intelligent to master the complicated machinery. The solution was to hire young women. In New England, there were a number of girls who had some education, in that they could read and write. And working in the textile mill seemed like a step up from working on the family farm. Working at a job and earning wages was an innovation in the early decades of the 19th century, when many Americans still worked on family farms or at small family businesses. And for young women at the time, it was considered a great adventure to be able to assert some independence from their families. The company set up boardinghouses to provide safe places for the women employees to live, and also imposed a strict moral code. Instead of it being thought scandalous for women to work in a factory, the mill girls were actually considered respectable. Lowell Became the Center of Industry Francis Cabot Lowell, the founder of the Boston Manufacturing Company, died in 1817. But his colleagues continued the company  and built a larger and improved mill along the Merrimack River in a town which they renamed in Lowells honor. In the 1820s and 1830s, Lowell and its mill girls became fairly famous. In 1834, faced with increased competition in the textile business, the mill cut the workers wages, and the workers responded by forming the Factory Girls Association, an early labor union. The efforts at organized labor were not successful, however. In the late 1830s, the housing rates for the female mill workers were raised, and they attempted to hold a strike, but it did not succeed. They were back on the job within weeks. Mill Girls and Their Cultural Programs Were Famous The mill girls became known for engaging in cultural programs centered around their boardinghouses. The young women tended to read, and discussions of books were a common pursuit. The women also began publishing their own magazine, the Lowell Magazine.  The magazine was published from 1840 to 1845, and sold for six cents a copy. The content poems and autobiographical sketches, which were usually published anonymously, or with the authors identified solely by their initials. The mill owners essentially controlled what appeared in the magazine, so the articles tended to be a positive nature. Yet the magazines very existence was seen as evidence of a positive work environment.   When Charles Dickens, the great Victorian novelist, visited the United States in 1842, he was taken to Lowell to see the factory system. Dickens, who had seen the horrible conditions of British factories up close, was very impressed at the conditions of the mills in Lowell. He was also impressed by the publication issued by the mill workers. The Lowell Offering ceased publication in 1845, when tensions between the workers and the mill owners increased. Over the last year of publication the magazine had published material that was not entirely positive, such as an article which pointed out that loud machinery in the mills could damage a workers hearing. When the magazine promoted the cause of a workday shortened to ten hours, tensions between workers and management became inflamed and the magazine was shut down. Immigration Brought the End of the Lowell System of Labor In the mid-1840s, the Lowell workers organized the Female Labor Reform Association, which tried to bargain for improved wages. But the Lowell System of Labor was essentially undone by increased immigration to the United States. Instead of hiring local New England girls to work in the mills, the factory owners discovered they would hire newly arrived immigrants. The immigrants, many of whom had come from Ireland, fleeing the Great Famine, were content to find any work at all, even for relatively low wages.

Cloning of Pig Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Cloning of Pig Cells - Essay Example There have been several successes of cloning especially the birth of Dolly the sheep in 1997, which lived for six years. Nuclear transfer involves the fusion of somatic cells and enucleated egg cells. Cloning of pig cells will be the focus of this paper. Scientists have identified pig clones as a potential hope for the future because of the possibility of xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation has resulted from the merging of cloning with an additional biotechnology technique of genetic engineering. In addition, cloning has led to new prospects of livestock breeding and advances in medical procedures. This paper will discuss the procedure involved in the cloning of pig cells. Cloning is a multi-step process that scientists have endeavored to advance for a long time. The success story of Dolly the sheep served as a breakthrough for the cloning of mammalian cells after the success of other species (Cibell 2002, p. 32). Cloning has its basis on the understanding of the processes involved in embryo development after fertilization. The egg cells have programmed machinery that presents it with the potential of cell division, and eventually differentiation into different cells, tissues, and organs. The genetic material transferred into the egg cells emanates from somatic cells. Somatic cells have all the genetic information that determines the phenotypic characteristics of an organism. The initial step in cloning is the isolation of somatic cells that will serve as donor cells. (Cibelli2002, p. 78). The cell type chosen often determines the viability of the process. Usually, somatic cells for use as donor cells are diploid in nature. The choice of the source of the somatic cells varies according to different studies, but the udder of pigs serves as a source of nuclear donors. The procedure of obtaining nuclear donors entails obtaining a tissue biopsy. Cells obtained from the biopsy undergo the required culture awaiting the other procedures.  

Museum of man- primates Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museum of man- primates - Assignment Example It had the biggest and the flattest teeth with the thickest enamel. The front teeth of Paranthropus were relatively smaller. On the other hand, the cranium of a Chimpanzee is not as high as the one for Paranthropus. Its enamel was less thick than for the Paranthropus species. While, the size of the front teeth of chimpanzee was bigger than the ones for Paranthropus, the sizes of the jaws and the molar back teeth were relatively equal in size. The Neanderthal and the sapiens skeleton differ in specific ways. They differ in height, stature, shape of the chest and the pelvis. The Neanderthal skeleton is shorter that the sapiens skeleton which is relatively taller. Secondly, the skeleton of the Neanderthal has a stocky stature that was not as upright as for the modern man. The sapiens had an upright posture. Additionally, the Neanderthal had a funnel-shaped and flaring chest. On the other hand, the chest of sapiens was fairly uniform and was not so wide in breath. The pelvis of the Neanderthal was also flaring, a characteristic that lacked in the sapiens’ pelvis. It can be learned from the Neanderthal’s burial that they believed in life after death, and they also valued the dead. The presence of grave goods such as the bones, bison, aurochs, pigment ochre and tools justifies this fact. The Neanderthal man was the predecessor of the sapiens. They had emotions. Therefore, they practiced love. They also lived in nuclear families. It means that they valued togetherness and the well-being of their people. They used traditional medication whenever one of them was sick as evidenced by the six flower pollens obtained from Shanidar IV. The images found in the caves were for stick human beings, wild animals that the early man haunted, outlines of the hands. Man believed that the paintings of the large wild animals such as deer and aurochs would give them good luck during hunting. Paintings of stick human beings pointing

On Dumpster Diving Essay Example for Free

On Dumpster Diving Essay Quite by accident, I found the essay On Dumpster Diving by Lars Eighner on the pages of Seagull magazine. The first lines of it captured my interest considerably, for as I had never read about dumpster diving or scavenging before. On Dumpster Diving is a piece of large Eighner’s work called Travels with Lizbeth (1993), which was based on his own experience of homelessness. The author engages me by telling the origin and meaning of the term Dumpster Diver, presenting his survival guide with specified rules and regulations. Dumpster is a trademark of garbage loading onto trucks system. Dumpster diving involves persons voluntarily climbing into rubbish bins (dumpsters) to find valuables or simply useful items, including food and used clothing. Eighner writes that the life of a beggar traveling without any money opened his eyes to the fact that all those containers with waste are real â€Å"supermarkets† for the poor, and they are not only a source of survival, but also a depositary of high-quality and diverse food. Anyhow, there is a risk in eating such findings. According to Eighner’s experience, taking food out of dumpsters should involve three simple principles: â€Å"using the senses and common sense to evaluate the condition of the found materials, knowing the Dumpsters of a given area and checking them regularly, and seeking always to answer the question, â€Å"Why was this discarded?† Narrator advises to avoid such foods as game, poultry, pork, and egg-based meals. Soft drinks testing should be based on their fizzing vigorously. Being a scavenger, one has to notice the least signs of visible contaminates. Notwithstanding the scavenger has no indemnity of self- intoxication. Later on Lars tells about â€Å"a predictable series of stages a person goes through in learning to scavenge,† in which disgust at the beginning gives way to indiscriminate acquiring of the things. The story also includes information about the â€Å"can-divers† and their way of diving featured as unethical and impudent. The plot of it is neither compound nor rich in events and characters. However, it is thought provoking. The author gives us detailed guidance how to survive being a dumpster diver. Reading the essay, I asked myself right along whether it was the only aim of Eighner to teach us those rules. As the story progressed, I picked up the writer’s conception gradually. His essay exemplifies the wasteful nature of American society and implies that it is the result of materialistic values but also ignorance and lack of understanding. People unreasonably throw out even food that is appropriate for using: â€Å"Students throw out many good things including foodthe item was thrown out through carelessness, ignorance, or wastefulness.†(Eighner) The scavenger can acquire â€Å"boom boxes, candles, bedding, toilet paper, medicine, books, a typewriter, a virgin male love doll, change sometimes amounting to many dollars† in the dumpsters. I suppose the purpose of the article is also to show how immoral is to throw out good food and things, knowing that thousands are starving and suffering from poverty. However, exactly that garbage helps him to survive at difficult times. Eighner’s reasoning for why people are materialistic derives from the concept that they are lost and unsure of what they want. In a way, his short essay On Dumpster Diving, suggests to his readers that to achieve the state of satisfaction, they need to know what they want. He states, â€Å"Almost everything I have now has already been cast at least once, proving that what I own is valueless to someone.† The author himself collects only things that are of benefit to him and leaves the rest for the benefit of others. The article shows that the writer being homeless still keeps his intelligent, clever, and sentimental way of thinking. He emphasises the transience of material being and says, â€Å"Once I was the sort of person who invests material objects with sentimental value. Now I no longer have those things, but I have the sentiments yet.†(Eighner) I think, describing all the rules of dumpster diving Lars Eighner represents us the necessity of keeping the etiquette even in adversity. The breakers of that common law are the â€Å"can-divers.† They, as contrasted with the true scavengers, look only for the money there and mix the contents of the dumpster making it more difficult to find the truly good things, the author explains. The worst in can scroungers’ actions is their audacity to go through individual containers in front of peoples homes, something a true diver would never do. Doing that the can diver finds different prescriptions, diaries and things the owner throws out. It is clear that privacy disclosing would embarrass us. Eighner exclaims against private invasion, thus demonstrating his culture and humanism. The last paragraph where Lars compares himself to ultra-wealthy is the most interesting point of the essay, to my mind. The rich people can acquire anything they like and the money does not stand in the way of doing that. The dumpster diver gets the things from dumpsters free too. Author’s analysis is that the truly rich or the truly poor are those who do not want or need. In his comparison, Lars means that he and the super-rich do not need the items the rest of us do. He can just go out and find them. The narrator tries to show the positives of his profession, but does not overlook the negatives as well, following it with the words: â€Å"Dumpster diving has serious drawbacks as a way of life.† The main idea of Lars Eighner in his essay is to assure us that any hopeless situation has its way out. The life goes on even if you meet difficulties†¦ He calls us for keeping our cultural and ethical talents even when being in the lowest state of life. We may not forget that having materialistic values over moral ones destroys and vitiates us from inside. In the unique voice dry, disciplined, poignant, comic- Eighner celebrates the triumph of the artistic spirit in the face of enormous adversity, thus, inspiring me for true respect.

Gardens Essay -- Environment, Nature and Culture, Landscape

Throughout the history of mankind, the gardens have been created to feed the spirit. The landscape is a relationship between nature and culture; it expresses who we are and where we from. Furthermore, landscape architecture advances along with society and it adjust to the change of their tastes and way of life. It is at first hand the search for a balance of adapting the environment and the advance society. We can observe the different styles and designs process each culture has, simply by looking at what kind of elements, plants, and regulations it uses. For example in the United States a designer takes into consideration the ADA regulations while in Mexico they don’t, which will result in a different design approach. This means that we might witness a similar design containing a bridge crossing through a pond but one design might incorporate railings and the other one will not. This tells us how one society values the importance of incorporating safety and handicap accessi bility just by using different elements. The following essay intends to discuss how culture can contribute to the design of an exterior space and how it’s reflected in the work of a landscape architect. To accomplish this task I am going to look at two landscape architects from different regions and witness how diverse but also how unified they are to each other by looking at the way they incorporate elements from their culture and other societies. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN BRAZIL The first landscape architect that I choose to accomplish my task is Burle Marx. Troguhout his life he designed hundreds of private and public space which helped him get recognized and obtain comitions throughout Latin- America, United States, and across the continent. Burle ... ...Because of the importance of the location of the site the designer took into consideration the culture aspect of the area. The Olympic forest Park combines the traditional Chinese landscape and the feng-shui philosophy with the contemporary design concepts and techniques. Two crucial traditional elements used were the mountain and water feature, these were incorporated in the planning and design of the Olympic Forest Park. An artificial mountain was created and dragon-shape lake flowing along the axis was designed. The mountain designed is called Yandshan Mountain, to accomplish the design of this mountain the designer analyze other important mountains around Beijing. On the south entrance, large stones are located throughout the plaza. the overall design includes rich landforms, mountain chain, islands, and downhill streams that offer diverse eco-habitats (Jie).

Chapter Twenty One .

Chapter 21. Section one. Page 639. 3. The effects of the Teapot Dome scandal on citizen’s views of the government. The Teapot Dome scandal caused the citizens to view the government as corrupt. 4. How Ohio Gang did the tarnish the Harding Administration? Some Members of the Ohio Gang used their position to their personal advantage, to sell government jobs, pardons, and protection from prosecution. Forbes sold scarce medication supplies from veterans’ hospitals and kept the money for himself, costing taxpayers about $250 million. 5. How did the Democrats lose the chance for victory in the election of 1924? The democrats couldn’t agree on a nominee and kept focusing on the issues of scandal in the White House and Harding, who was dead. Coolidge provided the Republicans a man who would not say anything that would damage the cause and let business take care of itself. 6. Harding vs. Coolidge Harding: Politics- 7. Coolidge was a leader; he avoided scandal and supported business prosperity. 8. Newspaper article about the Teapot Dome scandal. Albert B. Fall, U. S. Secretary of the Interior, leased, without competitive bidding, the Teapot Dome fields to Harry F. Sinclair, an oil operator, and the field at Elk Hills, California, to Edward L. Doheny. He received bribes from those two which brought indictments for conspiracy and accepting bribes for Fall. He was convicted of accepting bribes and sentenced to one year in prison anad fined $100,000. Section two. Page 646. 3. What were the factors that led to the new consumer society in the United States during the 1920’s? The factors that led to the new consumer society in the united states during the 1920’s were mass production, easy credit, mass advertisement, and economic prosperity. 4. How did the automobile impact American society? The automobile eased rural isolation and allowed workers to live further away from where they worked. 5. How did the United States government help spur the growth of the airline industry? Governmental airmail service and funds helped spur the growth of the airline industry. 6. New Industries †¢ The Consumer Goods Industry. †¢ The Airline Industry. †¢ The Radio Industry. †¢ The Automobile Industry. 7. How did the growing consumer culture impact the nation’s economy? The growing consumer raised the standard of living and encouraged Americans to buy new goods. . Newspaper Article on Charles Lindbergh. Charles A. Lindbergh not only opened a passageway to Europe; he opened up the hopes of people who never thought they would see outside their continental boundaries. Before Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight, travel was limited to the ground or the sea; and even the amazing â€Å"automobiles† were blocked by waterways. Travel had boundaries prior to Lindbergh’s flight across the Atlantic, but after his flight people could see beyond those boundaries. Section three. 3. Why did Andrew Mellon work to reduce federal tax rates? He thought that lowering taxes rates would spur the economy by encouraging businesses and consumers to invest and spend. 4. What efforts did the United States make to promote permanent peace and worldwide economic recovery? Were these efforts successful? 5. Treaties 1. Four-Power Treaty †¢ All agreed to respect the others’ territory in the Pacific. †¢ Full and open negotiations in the event of disagreements. 2. Five-Power Treaty †¢ All agreed to freeze naval production at 1921 levels and halt production of large warships for 10 years. †¢ U. S. and Great Britain would not build new naval bases in the western public. . Nine-Power Treaty †¢ All agreed to preserve equal commercial rights to China _ a reassertion of the â€Å"Open Door Policy† 6. What is the difference between politics and the media then and now? Back then there wasn’t a lot â€Å"paparazzi† and it looks like it was more organized and low-key. Nowadays there are people with cameras everywhere and you can barely see what’s actually going on in the center of it all. 7. Cutting Taxes. Good or bad? Chapter Review 12-16. 12. What was the presidency of Warren G, Harding like? Harding urged a â€Å"return to normalcy. The policies of his administration were commonly conservative, especially regarding taxes, tariffs, immigration restriction, labor rights, and business regulation. 13. How did President Coolidge restore public confidence? Coolidge distanced himself from Harding’s administration and named the most capable individuals to his cabinet. 14. What were four new industries, besides the automobile industry, that grew in importance during the 1920’s? †¢ Aircraft †¢ Radio †¢ Motion Pictures †¢ New Electric Appliances 15. How did Henry Ford increase worker loyalty and impact the labor movement? Ford increased workers’ wages and reduced the work day which weakened the power of unions. 16. What were Andrew Mellon’s strategies for maintaining postwar American prosperity? When Mellon took office he had three major goals which were: to balance the budget, to reduce the government’s debt and to cut taxes. 17. How did Automobiles change the standard living during the 1920’s? Automobiles allowed people to travel greater distances a lot faster, it also allowed workers to live outside cities. Rural Americans’ sense isolation also decreased. The success of mass production resulted in new and cheaper consumer goods. 8. How effective were President Coolidge’s attempts to distance himself from the Harding administration? Coolidge’s attempts to distance himself from the Harding administration were obviously pretty effective. He chose effective cabinet members and associating himself with prosperity and big businesses. 19. 20. 21. A. Accordi ng to Coolidge, how should Americans feel about the present economy and the future economy? He thinks that the country should regard the present with satisfaction and appreciate the future with optimism. B. Whom does Coolidge credit for the U. S. prosperity? He thinks it’s thanks to the integrity and character of the American people. 23. A. American Farmers earned less then one-third the average income for workers in the rest of the economy in the 1920’s- fact, it can be proven and it uses statistics. B. President Harding’s choice to appoint Colonel Charles R. Forbes to head Veterans Bureau was his worst decision in office- opinion, can’t be proven, it’s the way someone view the decision. C. The Kelly Act authorized postal officials to contract with private airplane operators to carry mail- fact, its something that is actually true.

Industrial tour Essay

Last Thursday, the 17th of January year 2013, we went to EPZA and FCIE for our industrial tour. We visited the companies Macro Wiring Technologies Co. Inc., NSG Pilipinas NM and KLT Fruits Inc. Let me discuss to you my insights for each company. First off we have the Macro Wiring Technologies Co. Inc. They manufacture Wire Harnesses and Assemblies and is the main supplier of the APC company. Their mission is to be the Top Mind choice of customers in providing products and services and is committed to deliver on time with quality products defined by their customer. They vision their company to be a progressive manufacturer of Wire Harnesses and Assemblies for export and domestic markets in an environmentally friendly, economically, viable and globally competitive industry. Additional to that, they aim to provide more jobs to Filipinos. Since they are the major supplier of APC, they do not practice advertising. Though they subcontract with other local companies, they say that these companies were obtained as their client through word of mouth (referrals). Their raw materials are imported from China, Taiwan, US, UK and other countries. They use the JIT (just-in-time) as their delivery system. They only have one plant which is located at EPZA Rosario Cavite and they earn in dollars which is forecasted to be around 14M for this year. They operate 24/7 with 2 shifts. According to Ma’am Joan, the production head, most of their workers are students from NCST and are trained for a maximum training of one week. The second company, on the other hand deals with glass mats, glass fibers and PG separators. The company is Pilipinas NM (under NSG) that is located in FCIE. Their slogan is â€Å"Let’s raise our individual sensibility for quality to grain customer’s trust.† This company is 100% Japanese owned and started its operation dated back on July 1, 1995. There are 120 employees for their 35,763 square meter factory. Their products are for export though there is a 10% supply locally. Most of their clients are from Taiwan, India, China, Turkey and a lot more. The factory that we went to is in charge for the manufacturing of the products. They receive orders and complaints but for the sales and promotions, they have what they call a middle-company (like a middleman) so they are not fully aware of the advertising and other promotions their company is practising except that they know they join business/industry exhibits. The same goes for the delivery; the delivery of the products depends on sales agents. They said that the volumes of orders are seasonal. The same as the first company, since their products are for export, their sales as in dollars. The last company we went to is the KLT Fruits Inc. Established in 1984, KLT Fruits, Inc. manufactures tropical fruit purees, concentrates, red bean jams as well as preserves for markets in the US, Japan, Asia- Pacific, Europe, and the Philippines. They pride themselves by not only providing quality products but by also rendering technical services such as client product formulation, client process parameters, and new product development. Through their knowledge of the industry, production know-how, and our commitment to quality, they are able to establish life-long partnerships with their clients. Their team of experts and skilled associates guarantees the best customer service and more importantly, products of the highest quality. Their production process is fully automated. There is what they call a central unit where only one person manages the entire process. The other employees are into packaging and other manual process needed before and after the production. Their sales are by container which is about 20 tonnes per container. And just like the first company, they do not have any advertising practices though they join expos or exhibits like the second company. Most of the partnerships of KLT are foreign companies located abroad and again, they earn in dollars too. The basis of their pricing, just the same as the first two aforementioned companies, are the raw materials, manufacturing, production and overhead costs which also dictates their market percentage. After discussing each of the information shared to us by the companies we went to, I’ve noticed a few things they all have in common. 1. They are exporting their final products because most of their clients are foreign. 2. They do not do advertising. 3. Each of them has a focus: quality (Macro Wiring Technologies Co. Inc.), safety (Pilipinas NM), and long-term relationships (KLT Fruits Inc.) 4. They are a major supplier of a company. 5. Their company has only one plant. Upon knowing these similarities, I was able to realize that there really is a huge difference of business-to-business from business-to-consumer in terms of sales, promotions, and relationships. I understood that in business to business, management is more focused in building relationships with large accounts rather than trying to persuade other small-medium enterprises because targeting and serving the large companies yield greater profits. Another learning I had from the tour is that in b2b, selling isn’t just about knowing who your customers and what your objectives are. But one must also understand each of the process the product goes through and the delivery system the company uses so that when conflicts arise, the management will then be able to create solutions faster. Why? Well, since business to business rely more on business relationships, then it is a must to deliver a good and competitive customer/client service. Business to business marketing is really quite confusing for we have been focused with consumer marketing for almost four years. But after being able to personally witness and hear the process, the strategies and operations of the manufacturing companies we have been to last Thursday, I had a clearer view of b2b.

Cohabitation essays

Cohabitation essays I woke up around one pm that day. I had a night job in the city of Rochester and that started at 6pm so I had to get ready. After getting ready. I would go to my friend Davids house where I had my computer because at the time he had cable internet and we would play games before I had to go to work. He waited for me and tried to call and thought that maybe I just went to work. He thought it was odd that I didnt come or answer my phone. I was driving my car the same way I always went to go to my friends. I had a little 1991 Mercury Tracer. I was driving down the rode jamming to music and coming around my last corner before the city of Rochester. I couldnt wait till I got to Davids house. Then everything went black. Once I woke up I wasnt moving no more and wasnt really sure what was going on. It went black again. Then everything came to me again and I looked down and noticed my leg was split in half. I thought to me self how I could have fallen asleep. Back to unconscious I went. I became conscious again and the fireman where breaking the windows so they could use the Jaws of Life to remove the roof of my car so they could pull me out. Once they were down with the roof they put me on a stretcher and pulled me out and I screamed because I have never felt that much pain and everything went black for the last time. I woke up again and it was about 6am and notice I was breathing but it wasnt me that was breathing. I started to freak out and finally the nurse noticed I woke up and started to calm me down. After awhile the finally removed the tube from my throat and I could finally breath on my own and talk again. About an hour later my mom finally came in and told me that I was in a head on head car crash and I said to her I didnt fall asleep and go into the ditch. I was still kind of out of it cause all of the drugs I was on and I said ...

Booker T. Washington (1859-1915) - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Booker T. Washington (1859-1915) - Smart Custom Writing Information over social network Sites (SNS)Today we are in the edge of information technology. Communication becomes much easier now a day. People from different corners of the world can now interact with each other with the help of technology. Internet becomes a strong and popular medium of communication. You can always stay in touch with the near and dear ones. Social network sites make the impossible possible and facilitates the communication and become very strong medium of virtual social gathering. A social network site is the communicating media for interaction among people from any parts of the world using internet technology. In these sites people share their personal information and make friendship with many people of the world. SNS has become the household of today’s world. SNS terms are used widely now a day. This is a great way to connect with colleagues, friends, family and also a source of establishing new relationship will the people around the world. These sites are used by individuals, professionals, students, house wives irrespective of different age group. Research reveals that the desire for making new relationship leads to the development of different SNS sites over the internet. Some of the sites are so popular that it is now become the part and parcel of some people to visit those sites regularly, sometimes frequently. Through mobile web, any one can enter to those sites. To become a user of those SNS, it requires registration. After completing the registration users get access to those sites. Users need to fill up the information on the fields. Different types of personal information can be provided. After completing the profile it looks rich with personal information. Before opening an account in any SNS, we should become aware of our privacy. Golder, Wilkinson, and Huberman (2007) did research to gain the idea about friendship making trend and messaging activities. They did the study of anonymous database of 4 million face book users and analyze 362 million messages that had exchanged via face book. Most of the sites ask users to complete the information segregating personal, social and professional.   The contact address, email id, telephone number and other personal information need to be provided in order to make the profile sane percent complete. Much private information regarding occupation, favorite personality, likings and disliking along with other information need to be shared in those SNS. Barnes's (2006) describes the "privacy paradox" it the state when young are not fully aware of the information sharing via profile in SNS. Pictures and videos can be shared via those sites. With the touch of the mobile camera or PC pictures and videos can be uploaded and shared. The ease of communicating and sharing with other people is the main theme for the popularity of SNS. The high zeal, craze and enthusiasm of those sites become the concern of revealing the privacy of the people. This privacy issue is about SNS is much talked with the growing of this new types of communication. Undoubtedly the usefulness of those sites are unlimited but at the same time negative sides are also become the matter of concern to the parents. Through SNS users can communicate each and every moments of their life. Instant feelings can be shared with the friends of the users. Different occasions like birth day, marriage ceremony, get together party; religious festivals can be well celebrated via SNS. Friends can be provided with various virtual gifts and emotions easily. There are various numbers of SNS and some of them got higher popularity. Having an own account in those site become prestigious issue for the new generation especially young people. It seems like people talk about the ids of different sites. Among the various social networking sites twitter, face book, MySpace, Orkut, classmates etc. are very much popular. The widespread accessibility of those sites gives them the highest popularity. SNS now become the strong media of spreading information. Some information can be found in those sites even before on air on Television or radio. Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2006) discovered that users of face book do search option to find some friends whom they have known earlier but not yet added in face book. There are many groups created which seems very much active on the net. Religious groups, minority groups, fan club of celebrities and be found in those sites. In the last US presidential election, SNS is used a strong tool for campaign. Celebrities share their feelings and views with their fans residing across the globe.   Musicians can interact with the listeners very easily with less cost effective ways using SNS. So, it becomes very much useful for them to take viewers opinion about their upcoming albums and music. Those who are interested about stock market can join specific group. All the information related to stock business like the most profitable company, prediction about price and overall the experience of different stock investors can be found in those sites. With the help of modern technology FM stations are becoming another media of communication. In SNS many fan radio fan club are established which talks about different programs and the liking and disliking of the people. People who missed any topic can scroll over the pages and be updated with the Radio Jockeys. Television fan club is also seen very much active in SNS. Religious groups use SNS to spread the truth of the religion. The overall communication via SNS is very much interesting. One can pass hours with out getting bored because so much interesting matters to see in those SNS. The most popular Social networking site is Twitter. Now people can be come update with the recent news via twitter. You can get the news via mail, SM S directly to your inbox. What you need is just to subscribe your email with the service of twitter. Form the business perspective the goal of twitter is to promote the business news to the people who have stake on that information. Face book is very much prominent among the SNS. People of this generation now ask for face book Id. It is a very useful medium of frequent communication with the friends who stay away from us. Just by opening a user account in the face book, any one can create his own networks of friends, colleagues and other relationships. Most of the young now become addict of Face book. The privacy becomes a big issue and challenging using SNS. Recently US defense express its concern of using Face book to its soldiers and alert them to be careful in communicating via those SNS. Orkut was introduced in 2004 affiliated by Google in another less known name of SNS. But still has significant user base. This site is very easy to use and very much user-friendly. One important feature of orkut is before signing up; you need to refer some one who has already orkut account. If you don’t have any referral, you need to wait for somebody to invite you. Sharing information and making own network via this site is quite easy and interesting. Classmate is another SNS which get recognition day by day. Initially you don’t need to pay anything for opening an account there but in order to get membership benefit you have to pay later. MySpace is another popular SNS with above one million users. You can make your own personalize page by completing the profile in MySpace. You can use that webpage to invite many friends and relatives to join your network. You can share photos, video clips, music clips easily with your friends and can store virtually. The SNS are so much popular that many websites provides direct link to access via their site. It increases the page visit rate of the sites. Some other services can be taken using the Face book Id. It means the account holders of those sites are given preference to use their SNS user account to login to other sites. Reciprocal linking can be created using the SNS. The communication gap can be easily bridge using SNS. You can always in touch with the people whom you may not have the chance to meet physically. So, it brings a unique opportunity for us. Many personal, social and business problems can be discussed and solved using SNS. It can include so many people even with the outsiders of the organization; you can share anonymously with your troubles. You can easily track and store the good and bad moments of your life which can be viewed later times. It surely bring pleasant memories and take your to the moments. Companies are using SNS for the promotion of product and services. These sites become very much cheap means of promotion. The more popular those sites are the better chances we have to become a member of that community. This is a very fine means of communicating with the community us familiar. Various entertainment options and means are found on those sites. People pass their time not only for communication purpose but also for entertainment. SNS is a very good source of getting information about the people we know. Status can be updated on a continuous basis so we ca know the movements, the activities of the friends of our list. This increases the appeal of the SNS ground high. Today most of the people who have frequent internet access are found having various user accounts in different social networking sites. You can suggest friends to your friends of the lists. Any irritating or annoyed user id can be blocked easily. Before using face book you should customized your settings and make the profile safe from misuse.. It is recommended not to add anybody whom you don’t familiar with. In this way you can build your own social network. The developers of those sites make the Graphical User Interface (GUI) flexible, user-friendly and eye-catching that one can find all sort of expected features embedded on the sites. In face book it allows users to create his own photo album and share it with the people easily. You can customize your photos with our own style and ways. You can make unlimited photo albums there. Another interesting thing is you can store your favorite photos by uploading and protect those albums from data losses of your pc crash. You can share those all or selective pictures with whom you want. You can tag any interesting pictures with your friend and share your feelings. The network building is very much interesting. You can visit your friend’s friend list and make new friends. Many people have found their familiar near one whom they lost in the past. The search engine of SNS is very much strong. You can make any search using keywords. The profile can give you an idea about any person. I can enlarge your thought with mixing so many people around the world. You can know the current trend of the market, the fads; the glamour’s and easily shares with your closer ones. Making comments on any status is also very much unique feature of those SNS.   You can like any ones ideas or give your own opinions a\bout it. Most of the SNS have embedded chat option with the friends. So, you can chat live with your dear one. Sometimes people spend so much time without boringness. The emotions of face book are very much interesting.   Some other features like fortune viewing, prediction about future, love calculator, wonder box all bring excitement to those sites. Messages can be given in private or you can post messages on the friend’s wall in face book. Birth day reminder, anniversaries are all unique features that you can enjoy when you have your own face book account. You can create your own group of friends with your preference and choices. Each and every SNS has its own rules and regulations. The users of those sites have to abide by the terms and conditions. Instant messaging is an added feature in SNS. You can make new contacts with completely unknown person. It’s like an adventure and something thrilling to know about the hobbies and interest of various people whom you don’t know. Sometimes you can find and meet some famous persons from SNS.   In the society we feel the belonging needs and keen to mix with others. SNS gives you the platform to enlarge your familiarity and make strangers to bosom friends. As a social being social interactions can be made easily and in a quicker ways using SNS. Those SNS have no particular interest. It just makes connections of people and arranges a medium so that they can stay closer virtually. We find the great importance of these sites in our life. In today’s business world, people are becoming very much busy and our life become s super fast. Face to face interaction decreases due to the mobility of the people for job and immigration purpose. So, for those busy people those SNS can be the only light of hope as a mean of communication. Communicate from anywhere, anytime anyways can be expressed as the motto of those SNS. People of all the ages irrespective of age, sex, color, and race can come under one roof of friendship and altogether make a happy society. Through SNS you can join to various online communities of your interest. You can get update news, upcoming events, featured stories and various topics about your preference. You can customize the choices and my filter the events that you don’t like. Since, personal information is shared through SNS, so taking precaution is the best ways to avoid any unnecessary risk of losing the privacy. Stop revealing sensitive information while communicating. So much information can be spread so take it as fun and stay safe. Before joining to those SNS, be sure to read the user agreement of the site as many people don’t bother not to read the disclaimer. It will help you to be certain that those sites protect your privacy and safety. Students can join various learning commonalities and meet people of other parts of the world. It helps them to gather more knowledge and open their mind and thought and also enables them to learn different culture. Study showed that it would bring good for the students if the professors are on the Facebook (Hewitt Forte, 2006). People, who want to get information about culture and race, can easily communicate with various cultural people and exchange their views and learn different customs and traditions observing by many cultures. People use social networking sites for business purpose also. They can circular the company information and make online groups of their company. Information can be circulated from those groups. Some website enables the users to upload videos so business community can use that facility to reach to the target group. Building online communities can be a good way to know about the feed back from different stakeholders. Before launching any product to the market company can put them on the web for open discussion. The feedback then use in the decision making process. So in this way information can be shared through SNS. Many successful stories have been heard about relationships. People meet via SNS can finally become the life partners. Since all sorts of information can be shared so people coming into contact with one another very easily. SNS can play the role of match making for some people as they found their right partners while communicating via SNS. Statistic shows that during first quarters of 2010 about sixty percent of Australians are registered in face book. Each and every day more and more new people join there and try to build a good virtual network. Among the SNS face book is becoming the most viewed and used site and still in the top position. Though there are concern for privacy and security issue, still safe using can make the best use of the SNS. In order to protect the account from identity theft, log off the account after browsing. Make sure you keep your password safe, make frequent change to your password, try to take hard to guess password.   Using behind a firewall is another way to protect from the hackers and other unwanted activities. The teenagers, housewives, students who have ample time at hand can pass their leisure time in those sites. Sometimes it hampers the study of the students as the give more priority to this sort of activities. Parents are now more worried about the future consequence and impact of using SNS in the life of their Childs. Sometimes while communicating, children fall in love and become emotional. We are now in the world of free flow of information. People are becoming internet freak gradually. This generation tries to give more time and stay online. So for those, SNS have great importance. It removes the monotony and brings social gathering online. Another important aspect of communicating via SNS is that people tries to update every move, feelings and emotions. But sometimes it may hamper your privacy. So before sharing any information through SNS, you should think about the objectives and consequences. Fragoso (2006) examined the role and impact of "Brazilian invasion" of Orkut which leads to the clash in the cultures of America and Brazil. And this has happened because of the control of the SNS by the Brazilian authority. SNS have many benefits and advantages but the dark side must also be remembered. Still some negative sides are found in SNS. Some people came up with false information and provide fake profile and deceive people. All users should make good friends whom they trust before going to add anybody into your friends list. Always hide your email id, mobile number, national id number, credit card number and other sensitive information from everybody and share only general information that may not hamper your life. Social Networking sites are the blessings of science and becoming extremely renowned day by day. The importance and significance of SNS in our daily life is unavoidable. Safe use of the service can only helps you to build a strong network of friend circle. Social networking has contributed a means of connection with old classmates, colleagues and family members and the new people whom you new meet before. Social Networking activity is advised to kept to a least or minimum used in moderation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Golder, S. A., Wilkinson, D., Huberman, B. A. (2007, June). Rhythms of social interaction: Messaging within a massive online network. In C. Steinfield, B. Pentland, M. Ackerman, N. Contractor (Eds.), Proceedings of Third International Conference onCommunities and Technologies (pp. 41-66). London: Springer Hewitt, A., Forte, A. (2006, November). Crossing boundaries: Identity management and student/faculty relationships on the Facebook. Poster presented at CSCW, Banff, Alberta Lampe, C., Ellison, N., Steinfield, C., (2006). A Face (book) in the crowd: Social searching vs. social browsing. Proceedings of CSCW-2006 (pp. 167-170). New York: ACM Press. Fragoso, S. (2006). WTF a crazy Brazilian invasion. In F. Sudweeks H. Hrachovec (Eds.), Proceedings of CATaC 2006 (pp. 255-274). Murdoch, Australia: Murdoch University. Barnes, S. (2006). A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday, 11 (9).

Research paper Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research paper - Annotated Bibliography Example The fear and prejudice against Muslim has led to an attack on all Muslims, including burning the mosques. The Muslims perceive this as hatred towards a different color or a different religion. Towards the close of the Ramadan, a mosque was brought down to rumbles in Missouri (Amer & Basu, 2012). Thus, there is an Islamophobia, which does not necessarily differentiate between terrorists and Muslims, or the Muslim religion.In New York, a student attacked and stabbed a cab driver who was a Muslim, raising the question of whether this act was triggered by the perpetrators hate for Muslims or it was just a criminal act targeting at any cab driver (Crudele & Esposito, 2012). The New York mayor termed the incidence disgraceful, amidst the uncertainty of what exactly had triggered this action. If such an action was triggered by such hatred, then it is apparent that the prejudice against the Muslims is turning to fatal level. The anniversary on the September 2011 attacks in America has always created dark memories, igniting a feeling of resentfulness between the Americans and the Muslims. This could be the possible trigger of the recent attacks on the Muslim faith, marked by arsonists and anti-Sharia movements (Lean, 2012). There has been a sustained attitude of hate towards the Muslims, which is a wrong response to the losses suffered during the 2001 attack. The ban of the Muslim headscarf for schools in southern Russia has angered the Muslim, raising the concern that such a move has forced the Muslim girls to choose between state education and their religion, which is totally inappropriate (Mooneye, 2012).. Thus, the tension between the Muslims and the rest has continued to rise, owing to the perception that Muslims are associated to terrorism in one way or the other. Recently, a man in Connecticut threatened to assault a Muslim woman because of her religion heritage. This promoted The Council on Ameri can-Islamic Relations (CAIR) to call on the FBI to

Internetworking Switches and Routers Module Written ASSIGNMENT

Internetworking Switches and Routers Module Written - Assignment Example Routing protocols are divided into four categories, which includes hierarchical, flat, geographic and Quality of Service (QoS) routing mechanisms (Eslaminejad 2011, p. 24). First, the flat routing protocols are used to reduce or omit the redundant information originating from the primary sensor nodes. In these protocols, the sensor nodes perform the same task as well as forwarding data to the sink nodes. Data centric methods are used in these networks in order to eliminate the extra information thus reducing energy consumption. Flat protocols use two data centric methods, which include Direct Diffusion and Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation (SPIN). The methods reduce energy consumed by the sensor nodes, thus elongating the lifespan of the WSNs (Sohraby, Minoli and Znati 2007, p. 109). In hierarchical routing protocols, data transmission is conducted by clusters rather than individual nodes deployed in the harsh environments. Clustering technique is a common method used in this routing mechanism so as to save energy consumed in the entire WSNs. Clusters formed in these WSNs consist of a number of sensor nodes. The individual sensor nodes send data to the cluster heads, which in turn aggregates that data before transmitting it to the base station. Large amounts of energy are, therefore, saved when WSNs use the clustering method. The mechanism operates in a hierarchical order where primary nodes send information to the cluster heads, which in turn send it to the sink nodes (Garcia-Hernardo 2008, p. 123). The QoS-based routing mechanisms employed in WSNs aim at ensuring there is a balance between the energy consumption and data quality. WSNs applying the QoS concept should satisfy various parameters such as the delaying time and bandwidth. SAR (Sequential Assignment Routing) is one of the protocols that apply the concept of the QoS. Application of SAR allows WSNs to withstand technical failures at low power consumption.

Compensation issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Compensation issue - Essay Example Compensation issue Depending on the job functions, various workers under the policy are assigned certain classifications which determine the premiums paid for compensations. The policy will accord compensation to workers regardless of fault by negligence. The state laws regarding workers compensation provides benefits such as medical coverage and treatment, disability whether permanent or temporary, vocational rehabilitation and death benefits (Hargreaves v Telstra Corporation Limited). The policy also covers bodily injuries by accident or injuries resulting from disease that occur within the policy period (Deneault & Mullins, pg.89). These diseases must however be accelerated by the conditions in the workplace for it to be covered. The compensation policy may however not apply where willful misconduct is committed, an employee is employed in violation of the law, safety and health regulations are not observed, and coercion and discrimination against employees are done violating the compensation policy . The manager breaks his leg whilst at work rendering he incapacitated. This constituted further employment as a replacement to ensure continued operations in the enterprise. Despite the fact that Gino is the manager and owns the business, he can claim compensation under the workers compensation policy or the Corporations Act 2001. This is to ensure that he attains compensation for his broken leg from the company which he suffered at work in the course of his duties.

IR spectroscopy of cigarette smoke

IR spectroscopy of cigarette smoke In this experiment the constituents of cigarette smoke in undisclosed brands A and B were analysed using Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The smoke from the cigarettes of both brands were tested comparing both the levels of carbon monoxide and methane between both brands and the difference in concentration of these constituents in both the filtered and unfiltered of each of the cigarette brands. The results of this study showed that brand B filtered smoke had less carbon monoxide than brand B unfiltered smoke as well Brand A cigarette smoke which seemed to have relatively the same amount of carbon monoxide in both unfiltered smoke as well as having considerably more carbon monoxide than brand B. Introduction Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is a form of IR spectroscopy which is most commonly referred to as FTIR spectroscopy and is used in analysis of the molecular constituents in a sample that is being processed. Infra red radiation is passed through the sample which hits some of the molecular constituents in the sample which either absorbs the energy or is transmitted back while some radiation completely misses the molecules altogether. This then shows the presence of a substance with absorption peaks which are consistent with frequencies of vibrations between the bonds and the atoms that make up the substance as the data is collected and processed. The amount of the particular constituents can also be picked up using the size of each peak on the display. [4] Infrared Spectroscopy has been used extensively over the past few years as a means of getting accurate data of samples that are being analysed for their chemical constituents. This software has the ability to recognise every single chemical constituent in a sample that has passed through a spectrometer which is held together by chemical bond, however this means that this particular method also has its limitations as it cannot process monoatomic gases as the atoms in the gas do not form a chemical bonds with each other given that IR spectrometer measures the vibrational energies of the bond lengths it will not show up on the final spectra. IR spectroscopy has further limitations which involve the speed of the processing of the data where each was processed separately; Ft-IR spectroscopy was developed to address this problem by collecting all the frequencies simultaneously. This was achieved by adding a new device to the original IR spectrometer which is known as interferometer. This device is responsible for taking the signal picked by the IR radiation and converting it into a new signal which is now encoded. This process again is very quick as it is measured to an order of one second. [4] Unfortunately this signal cannot be interpreted until it is converted once more by the Inferogram, this is accomplished by a mathematical technique known as Fourier Transformation which is performed by the software which then displays the spectra. Experimental Before the experiment was carried out the FTIR machine was calibrated according to the measurement of the wavenumber to ensure the accuracy of each trial that was carried out. This was done by using trace expansions where the band centres were estimated to be within ~0.1 cm-1 which is about a tenth of the resolution. [2] Prior to the actual measurements were taken a background spectra was taken with a full cell of air as a control for the experiment. Once this had been done at least three times to ensure accurate data the vacuum line was connected to the cell by the quick fit adapter. The process was commenced by ensuring all five taps on the pump were closed and turned all the way round, clockwise. Then glass wool was packed into the pipette bulb with care using tweezers to make a cigarette holder. The cigarette was inserted into the holder and the pump was switched on. Both taps one and two were opened (see figure 1). The chosen cigarette for that particular trial was then lit, (for unfiltered cigarettes both Cigarettes brands A and B filters were cut off with a pair of scissors). Tap three was then slowly turned so that it was only slightly opened for just one second which allowed air to flow through the machine and therefore causing the cigarette to burn much more energetically. To ensure that as much sample that could be obtained from the smoke was made possible, a boiling tube was placed over the burning cigarette to collect the smoke that was given off from the burning cigarette butt which is then trapped in the gas cell ready for analysis. Taps 1 was then closed and tap 2 was opened to allow cigarette smoke to pass into the gas cell. Tap 2 was then closed followed straight after that by tap 1. The cigarette was then stubbed out the cell was detached from the vacuum line. Once the sample was analysed by the FT-IR Spectrometer the gas cell was evacuated by being placed in a dessicator. The gas line was also evacuated by turning off the tap for the pump and then venting the gas by turning taps 1 and 4. [2] This procedure was carried out four times to test both filtered and unfiltered brands A and B to obtain 1275 spectra for each trial. Filtered Cigarette smoke A in (cm-1): CO (1985, 2325), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) [5][7] Unfiltered Cigarette smoke A in (cm-1): CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) [5][7] Filtered Cigarette smoke B in (cm-1): CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) Unfiltered Cigarette smoke B in (cm-1): CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) [5][7] Discussion and Conclusion It seems that the overall data that was produced shows that filtered cigarette B smoke was the most harmless cigarette smoke in comparison to its unfiltered counterpart and both the filtered and unfiltered brand A cigarette smoke as it had the lowest levels of carbon monoxide. Even though there were very small errors in the analysis of the data there are still limitations with FT-IR spectrometer such as the large stretches of water which strongly absorbs infra red radiation over other molecules and also the difficulty of pin pointing exactly what each of the chemicals were according to the complex stretches that were displayed on the spectra produced. However the overall advantages are the speed at which the trials are run as all the frequencies are measured simultaneously rather than separately. The FT-IR is also self calibrating therefore so not have to be constantly calibrated by the user ensuring controlled data. [4] The Spectrometer also does not require a vacuum as the IR radiations is not absorbed by either oxygen or nitrogen.This is why this particular form of analysis is used worldwide in analysis of subastances as IR radiation can be absorbed in all three phases (Solid, Liquid and Gaseous states) therefore making it an accurate and versatile method. Acknowledgements My heartfelt gratitude extends to Sam Finlayanson, Lewis Alan Edwards5 for allowing me to use their spectra as part of my results so that I am able to write a complete analysis on the experiment. I would also like to thank Mr Douglas Hamilton for his helpful advice and kind support while carrying out the analysis on pgopher and finally the staff of Bristol Chem labs. References Intra-puff CO and CO2 measurements of cigarettes with iron oxide cigarette paper using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy, Danielle R.Crawforda, Milton E. Parrisha, Diane L. Geea and Charles N. Harward DLM manual Diagram produced on paint by Miss Abira Sri Satkunasingham Thermo Nicolet pamphlet : Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Sam Finlayanson, Lewis Alan Edwards: spectra Abira Sri Satkunasingham: experiment calculations and results (spectra) NIST Web book ( for identifying the stretches) Formation and Analysis of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke Adams, J.D., Hoffman, D. Wynder, E. Determination of Particle-Size Distribution and Concentration of Cigarette Smoke by a Light-Scattering Method TAKASHI OKADA AND KAZUKO MATSUNUMA Central Research Institute, Japan Monopoly Corporation, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227, Japan Puff-by-puff and intrapuff analysis of cigarette smoke using infrared spectroscopy by Milton E. Parrish, Jim L. Lyons-Hart and Kenneth H. Shafer THE HITRAN MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE AND HAWKS (HITRAN ATMOSPHERIC WORKSTATION): 1996 EDITION Fundamentals of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy By Brian C. Smith